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Because Base64 is a six-bit encoding, and because the decoded values are divided into 8-bit octets, every four characters of Base64-encoded text (4 sextets = 4 × 6 = 24 bits) represents three octets of unencoded text or data (3 octets = 3 × 8 = 24 bits). This means that when the length of the unencoded input is not a multiple of three, the ...
A tag of 2 indicates that the following byte string encodes an unsigned bignum. A tag of 32 indicates that the following text string is a URI as defined in RFC 3986. RFC 8746 defines tags 64–87 to encode homogeneous arrays of fixed-size integer or floating-point values as byte strings. The tag 55799 is allocated to mean "CBOR data follows".
Some older and today uncommon formats include BOO, BTOA, and USR encoding. Most of these encodings generate text containing only a subset of all ASCII printable characters: for example, the base64 encoding generates text that only contains upper case and lower case letters, (A–Z, a–z), numerals (0–9), and the "+", "/", and "=" symbols.
PER Unaligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range; a variable number of bits otherwise; PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets otherwise;
push 1L (the number one with type long) onto the stack ldc 12 0001 0010 1: index → value push a constant #index from a constant pool (String, int, float, Class, java.lang.invoke.MethodType, java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle, or a dynamically-computed constant) onto the stack ldc_w 13 0001 0011 2: indexbyte1, indexbyte2 → value
One brief comment in the text mentions, but does not mandate, the possibility of simply using the ASCII encoded value of a character string: "Finally, the key argument is a secret encryption key, which can be a user-chosen password of up to 56 bytes (including a terminating zero byte when the key is an ASCII string)."
Quoted-Printable and Base64 are the two MIME content transfer encodings, if the trivial "7bit" and "8bit" encoding are not counted. If the text to be encoded does not contain many non-ASCII characters, then Quoted-Printable results in a fairly readable [1] and compact encoded result. On the other hand, if the input has many 8-bit characters ...
Multibyte encodings are usually the result of a need to increase the number of characters which can be encoded without breaking backward compatibility with an existing constraint. For example, with one byte (8 bits) per character, one can encode 256 possible characters; in order to encode more than 256 characters, the obvious choice would be to ...