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The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world. The mind–body problem is a paradigmatic issue in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are addressed, such as the hard problem of consciousness and the nature of particular mental states.
A blind man, for instance, lacks certain keys. As a result, he cannot operate in an environment in the same way that a sighted man can. Using this conception of perception as a state, Armstrong characterizes consciousness as "perception or awareness of the state of our own mind", [7] or "a self-scanning system in the central nervous system". [8]
Other subfields are aesthetics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of history, and political philosophy. Within each branch, there are competing schools of philosophy that promote different principles, theories, or methods.
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of human understanding.
Philosophy of Science; Philosophy of Science (journal) Philosophy of Science Association; Philosophy of sex; Philosophy of social science; Philosophy of Social Science; Philosophy of social sciences; Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard; Philosophy of space and time; Philosophy of Spinoza; Philosophy of statistics; Philosophy of suicide; Philosophy ...
A spirit or mind is that which thinks, wills, or perceives. [67] It is thought that we are ignorant of the nature of mind or spirit because we have no idea of it. But it was demonstrated in § 27 that ideas exist in spirits or minds. It is absurd to expect that the spirit or mind that supports an idea should itself also be an idea. [68]
3.328 "If a sign is not necessary then it is meaningless. That is the meaning of Occam's Razor." (If everything in the symbolism works as though a sign had meaning, then it has meaning.) 4.04 "In the proposition, there must be exactly as many things distinguishable as there are in the state of affairs, which it represents.
Hume's introduction presents the idea of placing all science and philosophy on a novel foundation: namely, an empirical investigation into human psychology.He begins by acknowledging "that common prejudice against metaphysical reasonings [i.e., any complicated and difficult argumentation]", a prejudice formed in reaction to "the present imperfect condition of the sciences" (including the ...