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Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is the structural stroma that includes connective tissue such as the meninges, blood vessels, and ducts. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons, also known as nerve cells, and glial cells, also known as neuroglia. [1]
Smaller sensory neurons together with glial cell differentiate at birth. [72] Adult neurogenesis can occur and studies of the age of human neurons suggest that this process occurs only for a minority of cells and that the vast majority of neurons in the neocortex form before birth and persist without replacement. The extent to which adult ...
These proteins do not share a characteristic that would make them identifiable as synaptic vesicle proteins, and little is known about how these proteins are specifically deposited into synaptic vesicles. Many but not all of the known synaptic vesicle proteins interact with non-vesicular proteins and are linked to specific functions. [4]
Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons. [1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually ...
The nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell—the neuron (sometimes called "neurone" or "nerve cell"). [5] Neurons can be distinguished from other cells in a number of ways, but their most fundamental property is that they communicate with other cells via synapses, which are membrane-to-membrane junctions containing ...
Researchers believe humans have none—but in simpler nervous systems, some or all neurons may be thus unique. [10] In vertebrates, the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish. [11]: 38–44 Every fish has two Mauthner cells, located in the bottom part of the brainstem, one on the left side and one on the right ...
The neurovascular unit is made up of vascular cells (including endothelium, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells), glia (astrocytes and microglia), and neurons with synaptic junctions for signaling. [1] Cerebral vessels, namely arterioles and the perivascular compartment, form the network of the NVU. [7]
An electrical synapse is an electrically conductive link between two abutting neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic cells, known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, cells approach within about 3.5 nm of each other, rather than the 20 to 40 nm distance that separates cells at chemical synapses.