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Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle).
For example, blood can be said to flow in a proximal or distal direction, and anteroposterior, mediolateral, and inferosuperior axes are lines along which the body extends, like the X, Y, and Z axes of a Cartesian coordinate system. An axis can be projected to a corresponding plane.
When describing anatomical motion, these planes describe the axis along which an action is performed. So by moving through the transverse plane, movement travels from head to toe. For example, if a person jumped directly up and then down, their body would be moving through the transverse plane in the coronal and sagittal planes.
The medial axis of an object is the set of all points having more than one closest point on the object's boundary. Originally referred to as the topological skeleton, it was introduced in 1967 by Harry Blum [1] as a tool for biological shape recognition. In mathematics the closure of the medial axis is known as the cut locus.
There are several examples of symmetry breaking that are currently being studied. One of the most studied examples is the cortical rotation during Xenopus development, where this rotation acts as the symmetry-breaking event that determines the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing embryo. This example is discussed in more detail below.
[1] abaxial Surface of an organ facing away from the organ's axis, e.g. the lower surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal. [2] Contrast adaxial. abort To abandon development of a structure or organ. [3] abscission Natural shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, as of a ripe fruit or an old leaf. [4] abscission zone
Axial – along the center of a round body, or the axis of rotation of a body; Radial – along a direction pointing along a radius from the center of an object, or perpendicular to a curved path. Circumferential (or azimuthal) – following around a curve or circumference of an object.
The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PMPRF) is involved in coordinating horizontal conjugate eye movements and saccades. To do so, besides projecting to the ibsilateral abducens nucleus, the PMPRF projects fibers through the MLF to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (specifically, those of its motor neurons that innervate the medial rectus muscle).