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Dinoflagellates(Dinoflagellata) are a phylum of Alveolates eukaryotes. The taxon is subdivided in 8 classes (Ellobiophyceae, Psammosea, Oxyrrhea, Pronoctilucea, Duboscquellea, Syndiniophyceae, Noctiluciphyceae and Dinophyceae).
Ostreopsis is a genus of free-living dinoflagellates found in marine environments. [1] Some species are benthic ; the planktonic species in the genus are known for the toxic algal blooms that they sometimes cause, threatening human and animal health.
Mixotrophic dinoflagellates have the ability to thrive in changing ocean environments, resulting in shifts in red tide phenomenon and paralytic shellfish poisoning. [6] It is unknown as to how many species of dinoflagellates have mixotrophic capabilities, as this is a relatively new feeding-mechanism discovery.
Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they are also common in freshwater habitats. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic, combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey (phagotrophy and myzocytosis). [6] [7]
Gambierdiscus toxicus is a species of photosynthetic unicellular eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata, part of the SAR supergroup.It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera, [1] and is known to produce several natural polyethers including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid, and gambierol.
Diplopsalis is a genus of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Protoperidiniaceae. [1] The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. [1] Species: [1]
A. tamarense has also been observed eating other dinoflagellates such as Amphidinium carterae and Prorocentrum minimum. Blooms can be terminated because of cell lysis, infection from viruses and/or bacteria, parasites, and encystment. Both heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates feed on Alexandrium. as does the ciliate Favella.
Amphidinium is a genus of dinoflagellates. The type for the genus is Amphidinium operculatum Claparède & Lachmann. The genus includes the species Amphidinium carterae which is used as a model organism. [1] As dinoflagellates, Amphidinium spp. have chloroplasts. The Amphidinium chloroplast genome is unusual in not having a single contiguous ...