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Quantum turbulence [1] [2] is the name given to the turbulent flow – the chaotic motion of a fluid at high flow rates – of quantum fluids, such as superfluids.The idea that a form of turbulence might be possible in a superfluid via the quantized vortex lines was first suggested by Richard Feynman.
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT) is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the physical vacuum is viewed as superfluid. [citation needed] The ultimate goal of the approach is to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics (describing three of the four known fundamental interactions) with gravity.
Second sound is observed in liquid helium at temperatures below the lambda point, 2.1768 K, where 4 He becomes a superfluid known as helium II. Helium II has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material (several hundred times higher than copper). [10] Second sound can be observed either as pulses or in a resonant cavity. [11]
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT), sometimes known as the BEC vacuum theory, is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the fundamental physical vacuum (non-removable background) is considered as a superfluid or as a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC).
The superfluid is characterized by long-range phase coherence, a spontaneous breaking of the Hamiltonian's continuous () symmetry, a non-zero compressibility and superfluid susceptibility. At non-zero temperature, in certain parameter regimes a regular fluid phase appears that does not break the U ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U(1)} symmetry and does ...
In a superfluid, a quantum vortex is a hole with the superfluid circulating around the vortex axis; the inside of the vortex may contain excited particles, air, vacuum, etc. The thickness of the vortex depends on a variety of factors; in liquid helium , the thickness is of the order of a few Angstroms .
Close to absolute zero, some liquids form a second liquid state described as superfluid because it has zero viscosity (or infinite fluidity; i.e., flowing without friction). This was discovered in 1937 for helium , which forms a superfluid below the lambda temperature of 2.17 K (−270.98 °C; −455.76 °F).
Quantum mechanical effects become significant for physics in the range of the de Broglie wavelength. For condensed matter, this is when the de Broglie wavelength of a particle is greater than the spacing between the particles in the lattice that comprises the matter. The de Broglie wavelength associated with a massive particle is