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See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion. Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound.
Classical motion of a trapped ion in a radiofrequency (rf) quadrupole (Paul) trap. A quadrupole electric field is displayed for reference, which oscillates at a given frequency . The blue line represents the ion path in the transversal (or radial) direction of a linear trap, while the orange line is the secular (slow) motion resulting from the ...
The internal conversion coefficient may be empirically determined by the following formula: = There is no valid formulation for an equivalent concept for E0 (electric monopole) nuclear transitions. There are theoretical calculations that can be used to derive internal conversion coefficients.
The electron mobility is defined by the equation: =. where: E is the magnitude of the electric field applied to a material,; v d is the magnitude of the electron drift velocity (in other words, the electron drift speed) caused by the electric field, and
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In physics, a Feshbach resonance can occur upon collision of two slow atoms, when they temporarily stick together forming an unstable compound with short lifetime (so-called resonance). [1] It is a feature of many-body systems in which a bound state is achieved if the coupling(s) between at least one internal degree of freedom and the reaction ...
Several free energy functions may be formulated based on system criteria. Free energy functions are Legendre transforms of the internal energy. The Gibbs free energy is given by G = H − TS, where H is the enthalpy, T is the absolute temperature, and S is the entropy. H = U + pV, where U is the internal energy, p is the pressure, and V is the ...
In experimental physics, a quadrupole ion trap or paul trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul , who invented the device [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. [ 3 ]