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  2. Cardinal Richelieu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu

    Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (French: [aʁmɑ̃ ʒɑ̃ dy plɛsi]; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, [a] was a French Catholic prelate and statesman who had an outsize influence in civil and religious affairs. He became known as l'Éminence Rouge (English: " the Red Eminence "), a term derived ...

  3. Duke of Richelieu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Richelieu

    Duke of Richelieu (French: duc de Richelieu) was a title of French nobility. It was created on 26 November 1629 for Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (known as Cardinal Richelieu) who, as a Catholic clergyman, had no issue to pass it down to. It instead passed to his great-nephew, Armand Jean de Vignerot, [2] grandson of his elder sister ...

  4. The Three Musketeers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers

    Les Trois Mousquetaires, by Alexandre Dumas, in French. LibriVox recording by Jc Guan. Chapter 1. Les trois présents de M. d'Artagnan père. The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is the first of the author's three d'Artagnan Romances.

  5. Anna's Thinking Cap: Reformation wars, Cardinal Richelieu ...

    www.aol.com/annas-thinking-cap-reformation-wars...

    When Cardinal Richelieu died on December 4, 1642, he was buried in the Sorbonne Chapel in Paris - an institution he financed and supported as one of the centers of the Scientific Revolution ...

  6. Siege of La Rochelle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle

    La Rochelle was the greatest stronghold among the Huguenot cities of France, and the centre of Huguenot resistance. Cardinal Richelieu acted as commander of the besiegers when the King was absent. Once hostilities started, French engineers isolated the city with entrenchments 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) long, fortified by 11 forts and 18 redoubts ...

  7. Cardinal Mazarin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin

    Metz. Jules Mazarin[a] (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino[b] or Mazarini; [5] 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. After serving as a papal diplomat for ...

  8. Urbain Grandier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Grandier

    Urbain Grandier (1590 – 18 August 1634) was a French Catholic priest who was burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft, following the events of the so-called "Loudun possessions". Most modern commentators have concluded that Grandier was the victim of a politically motivated persecution led by the powerful Cardinal Richelieu.

  9. Musketeers of the Guard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musketeers_of_the_Guard

    Shortly after the Musketeers were established, a second company was founded to report to Cardinal Richelieu. At the cardinal's death in 1642, the company passed to his successor Cardinal Mazarin, who disbanded his Musketeers in 1646. He revived the Musketeers in 1657 with a company of 150 men. Upon Mazarin's death in 1661, the cardinal's ...