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  2. Bias–variance tradeoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias–variance_tradeoff

    In artificial neural networks, the variance increases and the bias decreases as the number of hidden units increase, [12] although this classical assumption has been the subject of recent debate. [4] Like in GLMs, regularization is typically applied. In k-nearest neighbor models, a high value of k leads to high bias and low variance (see below).

  3. Bioequivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioequivalence

    The Chinese definition of "bioequivalence" entails having the test drug's geometric mean C max, AUC (0–t), and AUC (0–∞) fall into 80%–125% of the reference drug in both fasting and fed states. The reference drug should be preferably the original brand-name drug, then (if not available) an internationally-recognized generic approved by ...

  4. Functional selectivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_selectivity

    Functional selectivity has been proposed to broaden conventional definitions of pharmacology.. Traditional pharmacology posits that a ligand can be either classified as an agonist (full or partial), antagonist or more recently an inverse agonist through a specific receptor subtype, and that this characteristic will be consistent with all effector (second messenger) systems coupled to that ...

  5. Classical pharmacology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_pharmacology

    Forward (classical) and reverse pharmacology approaches in drug discovery. In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology, [1] also known as forward pharmacology, [2] [3] [4] or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), [5] relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify ...

  6. Binding selectivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity

    A ligand may be a peptide or another small molecule, such as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, a pharmaceutical drug, or a toxin. The specificity of a receptor is determined by its spatial geometry and the way it binds to the ligand through non-covalent interactions , such as hydrogen bonding or Van der Waals forces .

  7. Druglikeness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druglikeness

    Druglikeness can be estimated for any molecule, and does not evaluate the actual specific effect that the drug achieves (biological activity). Simple rules are not always accurate and may unnecessarily limit the chemical space to search: many best-selling drugs have features that cause them to score low on various druglikeness indices. [7]

  8. Pharmacogenomics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics

    Containing 1170 drugs with more than 3800 interactions, and approximately 2000 known SNPs. These SNPs are listed and ordered according to their effect on expression and/or activity. [79] PharmGKB: The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB) is an interactive tool for researchers investigating how genetic variation affects drug response. [80]

  9. Pharmacodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics

    Topics of pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).