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Other names in common use include glutathione synthetase, and GSH synthetase. This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and glutathione metabolism . At least one compound, Phosphinate is known to inhibit this enzyme .
Glutathione (GSH, / ˌ ɡ l uː t ə ˈ θ aɪ oʊ n /) is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOCOCH(NH 2)CH 2 CH 2 CONHCH(CH 2 SH)CONHCH 2 COOH. It is an antioxidant in plants , animals , fungi , and some bacteria and archaea .
Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the production of the cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), involving the ATP-dependent condensation of cysteine and glutamate to form the dipeptide gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC). [5]
Chemical structure of phytochelatin. n = 2–11. Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase. They are found in plants, fungi, nematodes and all groups of algae including cyanobacteria. Phytochelatins act as chelators, and are important for heavy metal detoxification.
A fractional synthetic rate (FSR) is the rate at which a precursor compound is incorporated into a product per unit of product mass. [1] The metric has been used to estimate the rate at which proteins , lipids , and lipoproteins are synthesized within humans and other animals.
A second GSH molecule reduces the GS-SeR intermediate back to the selenol, releasing GS-SG as the by-product. A simplified representation is shown below: [5] RSeH + H 2 O 2 → RSeOH + H 2 O RSeOH + GSH → GS-SeR + H 2 O GS-SeR + GSH → GS-SG + RSeH. Glutathione reductase then reduces the oxidized glutathione to complete the cycle:
Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedure is repeated until simple or commercially available structures are reached. These simpler/commercially available compounds can be used to form a synthesis of the target molecule. Retrosynthetic analysis was used as early as 1917 in Robinson's Tropinone total synthesis. [1]
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell.