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GKD can serve as a hypothesis-generating process for spatial analysis, producing tentative patterns and relationships that should be confirmed using spatial analytical techniques. Spatial decision support systems (SDSS) take existing spatial data and use a variety of mathematical models to make projections into the future.
Point pattern analysis (PPA) [1] is the study of point patterns, the spatial arrangements of points in space (usually 2-dimensional space). The simplest formulation is a set X = { x ∈ D } where D , which can be called the 'study region,' is a subset of R n , a n -dimensional Euclidean space .
The analysis of spatial ecological patterns comprises two families of methods: [12] Point pattern analysis deals with the distribution of individuals through space, and is used to determine whether the distribution is random. [13] It also describes the type of pattern and draws conclusions on what kind of process created the observed pattern.
CRAN site for Analysis of Spatial Data, R-Forge site: Analysis Full integration of spatial data analysis tools with the R: classes for spatial data; handling spatial data; reading and writing spatial data; point pattern analysis; geostatistics; disease mapping and areal data analysis; spatial regression and ecological analysis. R GPL-2: Google ...
Common spatial pattern (CSP) is a mathematical procedure used in signal processing for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents which have maximum differences in variance between two windows.
In spatial analysis, four major problems interfere with an accurate estimation of the statistical parameter: the boundary problem, scale problem, pattern problem (or spatial autocorrelation), and modifiable areal unit problem. [1] The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbours in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbours.
The concept of a spatial weight is used in spatial analysis to describe neighbor relations between regions on a map. [1] If location i {\displaystyle i} is a neighbor of location j {\displaystyle j} then w i j ≠ 0 {\displaystyle w_{ij}\neq 0} otherwise w i j = 0 {\displaystyle w_{ij}=0} .
Spatial descriptive statistics is the intersection of spatial statistics and descriptive statistics; these methods are used for a variety of purposes in geography, particularly in quantitative data analyses involving Geographic Information Systems (GIS).