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Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles. [4] The disorder may be hereditary or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g., lead poisoning) or reaction to pharmaceutical drugs, particularly neuroleptics, [3] or stress.
The symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 70 years old and appear to be more common in women than in men (2:1 ratio). The combination of upper and lower dystonia is sometimes called cranial-cervical dystonia. [2] The incidence is about one case in 20,000 people. [3]
People with dystonia experience tightness, cramping, fatigue, involuntary sustained or repetitive muscle contractions that can be painless or painful and resulting in abnormal posturing, twisting motions, and even tremors. [1] [2] Focal dystonia typically presents in adults, more commonly in women ranging from ages 30 through 40. [1]
The onset of symptoms is more common in women and typically occurs between the ages of 40 and 70. The symptoms only show up when speaking or masticating, for example. [1] Typically, patients list stress, talking, chewing, praying, and chewing objects as triggers. [9] Routine lab tests are typically normal. [6]
Dystonia is a disorder of involuntary muscle contractions that may cause repetitive and/or abnormal movement or postures.
Dystonia is a response to simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles seen as twisting and contorting that affect posture and stance. Other symptoms can include tremors and muscle spasms due to various interactions of muscle, contractions and movement. [4] Dystonia can be either primary or secondary with the latter being more common.
Symptoms categorized as physically visible symptoms include chorea, dystonia, spasticity, and rigidity, all physical symptoms of the body associated with movement disorders. [3] The symptoms accompanying neuroferritinopathy affecting movement are also progressive, becoming more generalized with time. [ 4 ]
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [ 1 ]
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