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This study also looked at neural development in rats and found that maternal hypothyroidism in rat mothers is related to deterioration, damage, disorganization and malformation of neurons and dendrites in the pups, which may result from an impaired antioxidant defense system and high levels of oxidative stress. [4]
Uncorrected thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal and maternal well-being. [1] The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child.
Neonatal hypothyroidism has been reported in cases of infants exposed to lithium, a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, in utero. [4] In some instances, hypothyroidism detected by screening may be transient. One common cause of this is the presence of maternal antibodies that temporarily impair thyroid function for several weeks. [5]
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (CIDS), also called cretinism, [2] is a medical condition present at birth marked by impaired physical and mental development, due to insufficient thyroid hormone production (hypothyroidism) often caused by insufficient dietary iodine during pregnancy.
Fetal T cells accumulate during in utero development. Even though the fetus is exposed to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMAs), fetal CD4 + T cells are capable of alloantigen-induced proliferation, preferentially differentiating to Treg cells and preventing a fetal immune response to maternal antigens. [26]
At 20 weeks, the fetus is able to implement feedback mechanisms for the production of thyroid hormones. During fetal development, T 4 is the major thyroid hormone being produced while triiodothyronine (T 3) and its inactive derivative, reverse T 3, are not detected until the third trimester. [2]
Fetal triiodothyronine (T 3) remains low (less than 15 ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50 ng/dL at term. [56] Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism. [57]
Thyroid hormones are important for normal development. [28] They increase the growth rate of young people, [29] and cells of the developing brain are a major target for the thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4. Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial role in brain maturation during fetal development and first few years of postnatal life [28]