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In 1997, Audi introduced the first series production ESP for all-wheel drive vehicles (Audi A8 and Audi A6 with quattro (four-wheel drive system)) [citation needed]. In 1998, Volvo Cars began to offer their version of ESC called Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) on the new Volvo S80 . [ 18 ]
The predecessor of modern electronic traction control systems can be found in high-torque, high-power rear-wheel-drive cars as a limited slip differential.A limited-slip differential is a purely mechanical system that transfers a relatively small amount of power to the non-slipping wheel, while still allowing some wheel spin to occur.
In 1997, Audi introduced the first series production electronic stability control (ESP) for all-wheel drive vehicles (Audi A8 and Audi A6)– the world's first production cars with both front and rear side airbags. For 1997, the new A8 was available with either front-wheel drive (FWD), or the Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive.
The original quattro centre differential (1980). Volkswagen Group has been developing four-wheel drive (4WD) systems almost since its inception during the Second World War.The Volkswagen Kübelwagen, Volkswagen Schwimmwagen, and Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen were all military vehicles which required all four road wheels to be "driven", the latter being a 4WD Volkswagen Beetle.
The first Subaru model sold in America, the 360 had an MSRP of $1,297 and was marketed with the slogan "Cheap and ugly does it!" [40] The 360 was a commercial failure in North America. Car and Driver, in a period review, called it one of the ugliest cars in history and "the most bulbous bubble ever to putt-putt." [40]
The Sensotronic Brake Control (SBC) system allows for precise control of brake pressure at each wheel, enabling the use of stability control methods such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Program (ESP). On some vehicles, the system incorporates features designed to enhance driver convenience, including:
Introduced by BMW in 1992, the technology is now featured in modern electric and gasoline vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, and trucks. [1] [2] [3] CBC is often included under the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) safety feature provided by vehicle manufacturers. [4] CBC uses the vehicle's electronic control unit to receive data from ...
ESP-Disk, a 1960s free-jazz record label based in New York; The Electric Soft Parade, a British band formed in 2001; Eric Singer Project, a side project founded in the 1990s by musician Eric Singer; E.S. Posthumus, an independent music group formed in 2000, that produces cinematic style music; ESP, a collaboration between Space Tribe and other ...