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A prolactinoma is a tumor of the pituitary gland that produces the hormone prolactin.It is the most common type of functioning pituitary tumor. [1] Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood (hyperprolactinemia), or due to pressure of the tumor on surrounding brain tissue and/or the optic nerves.
[1] [53] [54] A systematic review and meta-analysis has shown that cabergoline and quinagolide are more effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia compared to bromocriptine, [55] this is because evidence had suggested fewer side effects, rapid titration and offers better dosing interval in medication like quinagolide compared to ...
Dopamine agonists for infertility treatment are commonly administered to hyperprolactinemic anovulation patients. Both bromocriptine and cabergoline are the first-line dopamine agonist in hyperprolactinemia treatment. [46] Cabergoline is currently more preferred than bromocrptine due to its higher efficacy and fewer side effects like nausea. [53]
Side effects are mostly dose dependent. Much more severe side effects are reported for treatment of Parkinson's disease and (off-label treatment) for restless leg syndrome which both typically require very high doses. The side effects are considered mild when used for treatment of hyperprolactinemia and other endocrine disorders or gynecologic ...
Since the late 1960 Levodopa (L-DOPA) has been used to treat Parkinson's disease but there has always been a debate whether the treatment is worth the side effects. [47] Around 1970 clinicians started using the dopamine agonist apomorphine alongside L-DOPA to minimize the side effects caused by L-DOPA, the dopamine agonists bind to the dopamine ...
Whereas D 2 receptor agonists suppress prolactin secretion, dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists like domperidone and metoclopramide have the opposite effect, strongly inducing the pituitary secretion of prolactin, and are sometimes used as prolactin releasers, for instance to correct hypoprolactinemia (low prolactin levels) in the treatment of lactation failure. [2]
Medical therapy is a second line treatment, and thyrotropinomas respond to treatment with somatostatin receptor ligands such as octreotide or lanreotide. [68] In people with thyrotropinomas, treatment with somatostatin receptor ligands normalized thyroid hormone levels in 80-90% of people, and 42% of people had a decreased tumor size.
The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.