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  2. Affirmative defense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense

    An affirmative defense to a civil lawsuit or criminal charge is a fact or set of facts other than those alleged by the plaintiff or prosecutor which, if proven by the defendant, defeats or mitigates the legal consequences of the defendant's otherwise unlawful conduct.

  3. Joshua Wolson - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Wolson

    After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1999, he served as a law clerk to Judge Jan E. DuBois, a federal judge in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania from 1999 to 2000. [1] He then joined Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C., where he served for eight years as an associate in the firm's litigation and ...

  4. Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area...

    Behe was professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, and a leading intelligent design proponent who coined the term irreducible complexity and set out the idea in his 1996 book Darwin's Black Box. [26] As a primary witness for the defense, Behe was asked to support the idea that intelligent design was legitimate science.

  5. Sovereign immunity in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the...

    They also authorize affirmative defenses like discretionary immunity. In the 1961 Muskopf v. Corning Hospital District decision, the California Supreme Court decided that "total governmental immunity […] does not exist" and would no longer protect the state and other public entities from civil liability for their torts. [ 18 ]

  6. Laches (equity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(equity)

    The defense of laches is often used as an affirmative defense in patent infringement lawsuits in the USA. In 2021, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit allowed the USPTO to use laches as a reason for denying patents to an applicant, who filed hundreds of applications, that were "atypically long and complex", and who filed amendments ...

  7. Pennsylvania State Guard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Guard

    The Pennsylvania State Guard (originally known as the Pennsylvania Reserve Defense Corps) is the currently inactive official state defense force of the state of Pennsylvania, which was active during World War II and the Korean War. The unit was organized as a home guard composed of volunteers who were trained and organized as parallel to the ...

  8. Accord and satisfaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction

    If the lender agrees to reduce the closing costs by an extra $1000 and the borrowers agree, then there has been an accord and satisfaction. If the borrowers later sue for breach of contract, the settlement (offer and acceptance of the $1000) constitutes an accord and satisfaction and is a valid defense to the borrower's lawsuit.

  9. Castle doctrine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_doctrine

    A castle doctrine, also known as a castle law or a defense of habitation law, is a legal doctrine that designates a person's abode or any legally occupied place (for example, an automobile or a home) as a place in which that person has protections and immunities permitting one, in certain circumstances, to use force (up to and including deadly force) to defend oneself against an intruder, free ...