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Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a class of artificial neural network commonly used for sequential data processing. Unlike feedforward neural networks , which process data in a single pass, RNNs process data across multiple time steps, making them well-adapted for modelling and processing text, speech, and time series .
Teacher forcing is an algorithm for training the weights of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). [1] It involves feeding observed sequence values (i.e. ground-truth samples) back into the RNN after each step, thus forcing the RNN to stay close to the ground-truth sequence.
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]
The human mind has different mechanisms for processing individual pieces of information and sequences. Videos are sequences of images, audio files are sequences of sound samples, music is ...
Long short-term memory (LSTM) [1] is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem [2] commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models , and other sequence learning methods.
Recurrent neural networks are recursive artificial neural networks with a certain structure: that of a linear chain. Whereas recursive neural networks operate on any hierarchical structure, combining child representations into parent representations, recurrent neural networks operate on the linear progression of time, combining the previous time step and a hidden representation into the ...
Bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNN) connect two hidden layers of opposite directions to the same output. With this form of generative deep learning , the output layer can get information from past (backwards) and future (forward) states simultaneously.
An echo state network (ESN) [1] [2] is a type of reservoir computer that uses a recurrent neural network with a sparsely connected hidden layer (with typically 1% connectivity). The connectivity and weights of hidden neurons are fixed and randomly assigned.