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Optimal bone health is characterized by adequate bone mineral density (BMD) and proper bone microarchitecture, which together contribute to bone strength. [2] Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fractures, is a major concern in bone health, particularly among older adults.
The International Prognostic Scoring System is the most commonly used tool for determining the prognosis of MDS, first published in Blood in 1997, [57] then revised to IPSS-R and IPSS-M. [11] This system takes into account the percentage of blasts in the marrow, cytogenetics, and number of cytopenias, as well as molecular features in the case ...
If nervous system damage is present and blood testing is inconclusive, a lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid B-12 levels may be done. [148] On bone marrow aspiration or biopsy, megaloblasts are seen. [149] The Schilling test was a radio-isotope method, now outdated, of testing for low vitamin B 12. [141] [150]
It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. [3] It is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
It is essential in the production of blood cells in bone marrow, and for nerve sheaths and proteins. [ 20 ] [ better source needed ] Vitamin B 12 functions as a co-enzyme in intermediary metabolism for the methionine synthase reaction with methylcobalamin , and the methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction with adenosylcobalamin .
Bone marrow failure in both children and adults can be either inherited or acquired. Inherited bone marrow failure is often the cause in young children, while older children and adults may acquire the disease later in life. [3] Acquired bone marrow failure may be due to aplastic anemia [4] or myelodysplastic syndrome.
Bisphosphonates have been used to reduce fracture rates in children with the disease osteogenesis imperfecta [24] and to treat otosclerosis [25] by minimizing bone loss. Other bisphosphonates, including medronate (R 1 =H, R 2 =H) and oxidronate (R 1 =H, R 2 =OH), are mixed with radioactive technetium and injected, as a way to image bone and ...
The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias , decrease in polycythemias , and reverse in cases of thalassemia .
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