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According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), Fixed Price Economic Price Adjustment Contract (FPEPA) is a "fixed-price contract, but with a special provision allowing for predefined final adjustments to the contract price due to changed conditions, such as inflation changes, or cost increases (or decrease) for special commodities".
In the defense industry they are also known as performance-based logistics (PBL). In international development the concept is known under output-based aid. Payment by Results (PbR) is a closely related concept. It can be used as a public policy instrument whereby payments are contingent on the independent verification of results.
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
Thus by industry: In construction, the costs of materials, labor, equipment, etc., and all directly involved efforts or expenses for the cost object are direct costs. In manufacturing or other non-construction industries, the portion of operating costs that is directly assignable to a specific product or process is a direct cost. [4]
Cost plus a fixed-fee (CPFF) contracts pay costs plus a pre-determined fee that was agreed upon at the time of contract formation. Cost-plus-incentive fee (CPIF) contracts have a larger fee awarded for contracts which meet or exceed certain performance goals, for example being on schedule and any cost savings. [1]
The model was first studied in 1976 and studies through the 1990s showed that adopting such a model could generate 10% savings on project time and 7% on cost. [6] The wider adoption of ECI was a recommendation of the 1994 Latham Report into systemic failings in the British construction industry; the practice became increasing popular during the early 2000s.
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Obtaining construction loans are easier with this type of contract. [9] [8] The profit margins and percentages are greater for engineers and contractors. [8] [9] Payments and instalments are made on regular basis which provides the contractor with a reliable cash flow. [8] [9] Management of the contract is a lot easier for the owner. [8] [9]