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Athetosis is a symptom primarily caused by the marbling, or degeneration of the basal ganglia. [citation needed] This degeneration is most commonly caused by complications at birth or by Huntington's disease, in addition to rare cases in which the damage may also arise later in life due to stroke or trauma.
Management options can be subdivided into medical treatment and rehabilitation interventions. Medical treatment consists of oral medication and surgery. Before using oral drugs, it is important to differentiate between spasticity , dystonia and choreoathetosis since each motor disorder has a specific approach.
Choreoathetosis is also a common presentation of dyskinesia as a side effect of levodopa-carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson disease. [ 1 ] The use of crack cocaine or amphetamines can result in conditions nicknamed crack dancing , or tweaking respectively, described as choreoathetoid.
Treatment of secondary dystonia by administering levodopa in dopamine-responsive dystonia, copper chelation in Wilson's disease, or stopping the administration of drugs that may induce dystonia have been proven effective in a small number of cases. Physical therapy has been used to improve posture and prevent contractures via braces and casting ...
Symptoms are most severe in youth and lessen with age. Sufferers can have multiple attacks on a daily basis or may have periods of weeks or months between attacks. Symptoms experienced during attacks can vary and include dystonia, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, or a combination. [3]
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), also called paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), is a rare hyperkinetic movement disorder of the paroxysmal dyskinesias characterized by attacks of involuntary movements, which are triggered by sudden voluntary movements.
Such contractile movements include dystonia, chorea, athetosis, and ballism. For example, “Her attacks were characterized as sudden unilateral stiffness of upper and lower limbs followed by an involuntary extrarotation of the arm and leg.” [ 3 ] Another frequently occurring symptom is the presence of an aura before the attack.
Ataxic cerebral palsy is clinically in approximately 5–10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it the least frequent form of cerebral palsy diagnosed. [1] Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures, differentiating it from the other two forms of cerebral palsy, which are spastic cerebral palsy (damage to cortical motor areas and underlying white matter) and ...