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Particles finer than 0.1 μm (10 −7 m) in water remain continuously in motion due to electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. [citation needed] Once their electrostatic charge is neutralized by the use of a coagulant chemical, the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (collect together) under the influence of Van der Waals forces.
A variety of salts may be added to adjust the pH and act as clarifying agents, depending on the water chemistry. These include sodium hydroxide , calcium hydroxide , aluminum sulfate , aluminum oxide , ferric sulfate , ferric chloride , sodium aluminate , with flocculant aids polyaluminum chloride , polyferric chloride . [ 17 ]
Finings’ actions may be broadly categorized as either electrostatic, adsorbent, ionic, or enzymatic.. The electrostatic types comprise the vast majority; including all but activated carbon, fining yeast, PVPP, copper sulfate, pectinase and pectolase.
Many substances have historically been used as fining agents, including dried blood powder. [5] There are two general types of fining agents — organic compounds and solid/mineral materials. [4] Organic compounds used as fining agents are generally animal based, a possible cause of concern to vegans. [6]
A beer-fining agent that is suitable for vegetarians is Irish moss, a type of red algae containing the polymer chemical carrageenan. [8] However, carrageenan-based products (used in both the boiling process and after fermentation ) primarily reduce hazes caused by proteins , but isinglass is used at the end of the brewing process, after ...
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Tissue clearing refers to a group of chemical techniques used to turn tissues transparent. [1] [2] [3] By turning tissues transparent to certain wavelengths of light, it allows one to gain optical access to a tissue. [1]
Simple reflex agent Learning agent. A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. [1] Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. [2]