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The Crimean Khanate, [b] self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, [7] [c] and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, [d] was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441–1783, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde.
The Crimean Expedition in 1475 [a], orchestrated under the command of Gedik Ahmed Pasha, stands as a pivotal naval campaign conducted by the Ottoman navy in 1475. Its primary objective was the seizure of the Genoese colonies nestled within Crimea, thereby asserting Ottoman authority over the region and placing the Crimean Khanate under Ottoman protection.
Turkish-Tatar army launched their campaign into the Sich once the rivers froze, at night to avoid getting detected. However, they were noticed by a Cossack named Shevchuk or Chefchika, who alerted his comrades, and made the presence of intruders in the Sich known to the other 150–350 Cossacks, which allowed them to react on time and equip their guns.
Murad, who had retired shortly after the treaty was completed, was called back to lead the Ottoman army. On 10 November 1444, the two armies clashed at the Battle of Varna (near the Black Sea fortress of Varna, Bulgaria). The Ottomans won a decisive victory despite heavy losses, while the crusaders lost King Władysław and over 15,000 men.
At the end of December 1475, Mangup surrendered to the Ottomans under the condition that the Prince, the people, and their property would be spared. [19] While much of the rest of Crimea remained part of the Crimean Khanate, now an Ottoman vassal, the former lands of Theodoro and southern Crimea were administered directly by the Sublime Porte.
The Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in what is today eastern Bulgaria.The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia.
The Europa Universalis game (eventually named Europa Universalis: The Price of Power) was designed by Eivind Vetlesen of Aegir Games and has a solo mode by David Turczi. Jonathan Bolding of PC Gamer described a preview version as "something between a high player count Twilight Imperium and A Game of Thrones with a dash of Napoleon in Europe ".
The Ottoman Empire entered into a fierce war that lasted for six years with Russia (1768 - 1774), in which the Ottoman Empire suffered painful defeats, forcing it to conclude a shameful treaty on July 21, 1774, which is known as the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, in which the Russians’ hopes that the Black Sea would be transformed from a purely Ottoman lake into an Ottoman-Russian lake were ...