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exchange proteins activated by cAMP (EPAC) [7] such as RAPGEF3; popeye domain containing proteins (Popdc) [8] an enzyme called protein kinase A (PKA). [9] The PKA enzyme is also known as cAMP-dependent enzyme because it gets activated only if cAMP is present. Once PKA is activated, it phosphorylates a number of other proteins including: [10]
cAMP represented in three ways Adenosine triphosphate. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms ...
The receptor changes conformation and transmits a signal that activates an enzyme in the cell membrane interior called adenylyl cyclase. This releases cAMP into the cell interior, where it stimulates a protein kinase called cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. By phosphorylating proteins, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase alters protein activity.
Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP-forming). It catalyzes the following reaction: ATP = 3′,5′-cyclic AMP + diphosphate. It has key regulatory roles in essentially all cells. [2]
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase [1] whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase ( EC 2.7.11.11 ).
ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. [8] ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated. [9] Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.
In normal cells, DNA is confined to the nucleus or mitochondria. The presence of DNA in the cytosol is indicative of cellular damage or infection and leads to activation of genes associated with the immune response. One way cytosolic DNA is sensed is via the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically by the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS).
The signal to activate CRP is the binding of cyclic AMP. Binding of cAMP to CRP leads to a long-distance signal transduction from the N-terminal cAMP-binding domain to the C-terminal domain of the protein, which is responsible for interaction with specific sequences of DNA. [6]