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The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates the innate immune response to injury, pathogens, and tissue ischemia. It is the efferent, or motor arm of the inflammatory reflex , the neural circuit that responds to and regulates the inflammatory response.
The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production.
Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system.Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries.
Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli ...
Although stress response pathways are mediated in different ways depending on the stressor involved, cell type, etc., a general characteristic of many pathways – especially ones where heat is the principal stressor – is that they are initiated by the presence and detection of denatured proteins. Because conditions such as high temperatures ...
Innate immune systems are found in all animals. [2] If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. [3] Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system [1] is one of the two main immunity strategies in vertebrates (the other being the adaptive immune system). The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants , fungi , prokaryotes , and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates ).
It is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and commonly precedes a slower systemic (whole plant) response, which ultimately leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). [1] HR can be observed in the vast majority of plant species and is induced by a wide range of plant pathogens such as oomycetes, viruses, fungi and even ...