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The PDSS consists of seven items, each rated on a 5-point scale, which ranges from 0 to 4. The items assess panic frequency, distress during panic, panic-focused anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance of situations, phobic avoidance of physical sensations, impairment in work functioning, and impairment in social functioning. The overall ...
The final subsample (n = 160), on which extensive validation of the final BAI was carried out, was made up of groups with primary diagnoses of major depressive disorder (n = 40); dysthymic disorder and atypical depression (n = 11); panic disorder (n = 45); generalized anxiety disorder (n = 18); agoraphobia with panic attacks (n = 18); social ...
This concern may lead to the person to modify their behavior to avoid situations that triggered the attack. Panic disorder cannot be diagnosed if the patient has another disorder that is causing the panic attacks (e.g., social anxiety disorder). [20] Patients affected by panic disorder can struggle with depression and a diminished quality of life.
Panic attacks also often bring a sudden feeling of intense anxiety or a fear of a loss of control or death, along with trembling, tingling, numbness, hyperventilating, and feeling detached ...
The total of the score of scale indicates the severity of the disorder. The PAS contains 13 questions (items) based on a five-point Likert scale (0 to 4). Two or three items contribute each of five subscales, which cover the spectrum of agoraphobia symptom clusters: panic attacks; agoraphobic avoidance; anticipatory anxiety; disability; worries ...
The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was designed by William W. K. Zung M.D. (1929–1992) a professor of psychiatry from Duke University, to quantify a patient's level of anxiety. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The SAS is a 20-item self-report assessment device built to measure anxiety levels, based on scoring in 4 groups of manifestations: cognitive ...
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Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs without any triggers. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this disorder can be distinguished by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear. [65]