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Generally, if the function is any trigonometric function, and is its derivative, ∫ a cos n x d x = a n sin n x + C {\displaystyle \int a\cos nx\,dx={\frac {a}{n}}\sin nx+C} In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration .
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
An even larger, multivolume table is the Integrals and Series by Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev (with volumes 1–3 listing integrals and series of elementary and special functions, volume 4–5 are tables of Laplace transforms).
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration.
Plot of Ci(x) for 0 < x ≤ 8π. The different cosine integral definitions are .. Cin is an even, entire function.For that reason, some texts define Cin as the primary function, and derive Ci in terms of Cin .
For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration. For each inverse hyperbolic integration formula below there is a corresponding formula in the list of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions.
As t goes from 0 to 1, the point follows the part of the circle in the first quadrant from (1, 0) to (0, 1). Finally, as t goes from 1 to +∞, the point follows the part of the circle in the second quadrant from (0, 1) to (−1, 0). Here is another geometric point of view. Draw the unit circle, and let P be the point (−1, 0).
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.
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