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This is a list of countries by number of languages according to the 22nd edition of Ethnologue (2019). [ 1 ] Papua New Guinea has the largest number of languages in the world.
Other languages had an indigenous system but borrowed a second set of numerals anyway. An example is Japanese, which uses either native or Chinese-derived numerals depending on what is being counted. In many languages, such as Chinese, numerals require the use of numeral classifiers. Many sign languages, such as ASL, incorporate numerals.
A language-game (German: Sprachspiel) is a philosophical concept developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein, referring to simple examples of language use and the actions into which the language is woven. Wittgenstein argued that a word or even a sentence has meaning only as a result of the "rule" of the "game" being played.
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, published in 1944 [1] by Princeton University Press, is a book by mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern which is considered the groundbreaking text that created the interdisciplinary research field of game theory.
Game theory is applied (for a change) to games 1968 Jan: The beauties of the square, as expounded by Dr. Matrix to rehabilitate the hippie 1968 Feb: Combinatorial problems involving tree graphs and forests of trees 1968 Mar: A short treatise on the useless elegance of perfect numbers and amicable pairs: 1968 Apr: Puzzles and tricks with a ...
Constant sum: A game is a constant sum game if the sum of the payoffs to every player are the same for every single set of strategies. In these games, one player gains if and only if another player loses. A constant sum game can be converted into a zero sum game by subtracting a fixed value from all payoffs, leaving their relative order ...
In formal language theory, the Chomsky–Schützenberger enumeration theorem is a theorem derived by Noam Chomsky and Marcel-Paul Schützenberger about the number of words of a given length generated by an unambiguous context-free grammar. The theorem provides an unexpected link between the theory of formal languages and abstract algebra.
However, a number of games fall into both categories. Nim, for instance, is a playgame instrumental in the foundation of combinatorial game theory, and one of the first computerized games. [6] Tic-tac-toe is still used to teach basic principles of game AI design to computer science students. [7]