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Deep level underground is construction that is 20 m (66 ft) or more below ground and not using the cut-and-cover method, especially train stations, air raid shelters and bunkers, and some tunnels and mines. Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support ...
Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
Cut-and-cover construction at Saint-Michel on Paris Métro Line 4 (c. 1910) Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel. [29] There are two basic forms of cut-and-cover ...
Underground construction has a number of unique risks and challenges but shares a lot with traditional construction and mining. Underground construction workers often work under reduced light condition, in dangerous spaces, and are at a high risk of exposure to contaminants, fire, and explosions.
When building an underground transportation system using tunnel boring machines (TBM), the station box can be built before or after the TBM goes through that area. If the station box is created after the TBM has passed through, the tunnel built by the TBM would be replaced by the station box.
There are 20 miles (32 km) of cut-and-cover tunnel and 93 miles (150 km) of tube tunnel, the other 55% of the system running above ground. [1] Trains generally run on the left-hand track, although in some places, for example the Central line east of St Paul's station, tunnels are dug one above each other. [6]
Tunnel construction is a sub-discipline of civil engineering [3] and usually the domain of engineers and construction companies. When civilians dig tunnels, it may be for criminal purposes (like smuggling or hiding illegal goods), [2] or gaining unauthorised access to an area. People may also build escape tunnels, such as those under the Berlin ...
A mass haul diagram where land and rock cuts are hauled to fills Fill construction in 1909 Cut & Fill Software showing cut areas highlighted in red and fill areas shaded in blue. In earthmoving , cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway , road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill ...
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