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The simplest such pairwise independent hash function is defined by the random key, key = (a, b), and the MAC tag for a message m is computed as tag = (am + b) mod p, where p is prime. More generally, k -independent hashing functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used less than k times for k -ways independent ...
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. [3] [4] They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction, from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
The proof-of-work distributed computing schemes, including Bitcoin, frequently use cryptographic hashes as a proof-of-work algorithm. Hashrate is a measure of the total computational power of all participating nodes expressed in units of hash calculations per second.
Badger is a message authentication code (MAC) based on the idea of universal hashing and was developed [when?] by Boesgaard, Scavenius, Pedersen, Christensen, and Zenner. [1] It is constructed by strengthening the ∆-universal hash family MMH using an ϵ-almost strongly universal (ASU) hash function family after the application of ENH (see below), where the value of ϵ is / (). [2]
The alternative, appending the key using MAC = H(message ∥ key), suffers from the problem that an attacker who can find a collision in the (unkeyed) hash function has a collision in the MAC (as two messages m1 and m2 yielding the same hash will provide the same start condition to the hash function before the appended key is hashed, hence the ...
BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is added before each ChaCha round. Like SHA-2 , there are two variants differing in the word size.
SipHash computes a 64-bit message authentication code from a variable-length message and 128-bit secret key. It was designed to be efficient even for short inputs, with performance comparable to non-cryptographic hash functions, such as CityHash; [4]: 496 [2] this can be used to prevent denial-of-service attacks against hash tables ("hash flooding"), [5] or to authenticate network packets.
long_description hashcat is the world ' s fastest and most advanced \ password recovery utility, supporting five unique modes \ of attack for over 200 highly-optimized hashing algorithms. \ hashcat currently supports CPUs, GPUs, and other hardware \ accelerators on Linux, Windows, and macOS, and has \ facilities to help enable distributed ...