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The kidney is surrounded by a capsule separating the kidney from the echogenic perirenal fat, which is seen as a thin linear structure. [1] The kidney is divided into parenchyma and renal sinus. The renal sinus is hyperechoic and is composed of calyces, the renal pelvis, fat and the major intrarenal vessels.
Endoscopic ultrasound is the most commonly used test to gather the needed information about the pseudocyst for this method. [ 2 ] The endoscopic method depends on the presence of a bulge into the stomach or duodenum to determine the site for catheterization .
Essentially, ultrasound tests can determine whether the composition of the kidney mass is mainly solid or filled with fluid. [49] A percutaneous biopsy can be performed by a radiologist using ultrasound or computed tomography to guide sampling of the tumour for the purpose of diagnosis by pathology.
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the kidneys, [1] liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and abdominal aorta.If Doppler ultrasonography is added, the blood flow inside blood vessels can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for renal artery stenosis).
Approximately 40 to 60% of these lesions are ultimately found to be malignant, most commonly in the forms of cystic renal cell carcinoma and its multiloculated variant. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The remaining lesions are benign and include hemorrhagic cysts, chronic infected cysts, and multiloculated cystic nephromas.
This stage accounts for 17% of kidney cancers and 69% of people are expected to live 5 years with this progression of kidney cancer. •Stage 4, the kidney tumour has spread to a distant organ or lymph node. 16% of kidney cancers are progressed to this stage and of those people, 12% of them are expected to live 5 years. [4]
Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a malignant, heterogeneous tumor originating from renal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, which comprises approximately 10-15% of all kidney neoplasms. [1] Based on its morphological features, PRCC can be classified into two main subtypes, which are type 1 and type 2 (eosinophilic). [2]
In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol use disorder, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis. [3]