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Dehn's proof is an instance in which abstract algebra is used to prove an impossibility result in geometry. Other examples are doubling the cube and trisecting the angle. Two polyhedra are called scissors-congruent if the first can be cut into finitely many polyhedral pieces that can be reassembled to yield the second. Any two scissors ...
For example, a Fourier series of sine and cosine functions, all continuous, may converge pointwise to a discontinuous function such as a step function. Carmichael's totient function conjecture was stated as a theorem by Robert Daniel Carmichael in 1907, but in 1922 he pointed out that his proof was incomplete. As of 2016 the problem is still open.
Contrary to Fatou's lemma, this value is strictly less than the integral of the limit (0). As discussed in § Extensions and variations of Fatou's lemma below, the problem is that there is no uniform integrable bound on the sequence from below, while 0 is the uniform bound from above.
The equals sign, used to represent equality symbolically in an equation. In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or expressions, stating that they have the same value, or represent the same mathematical object.
In general, any infinite series is the limit of its partial sums. For example, an analytic function is the limit of its Taylor series, within its radius of convergence. = =. This is known as the harmonic series. [6]
In multivariable calculus, an iterated limit is a limit of a sequence or a limit of a function in the form , = (,), (,) = ((,)),or other similar forms. An iterated limit is only defined for an expression whose value depends on at least two variables. To evaluate such a limit, one takes the limiting process as one of the two variables approaches some number, getting an expression whose value ...
This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.
It can be seen that as N gets larger (1 + iπ / N ) N approaches a limit of −1. Euler's identity asserts that e i π {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }} is equal to −1. The expression e i π {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }} is a special case of the expression e z {\displaystyle e^{z}} , where z is any complex number .