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Ecosystem ecology is philosophically and historically rooted in terrestrial ecology. The ecosystem concept has evolved rapidly during the last 100 years with important ideas developed by Frederic Clements, a botanist who argued for specific definitions of ecosystems and that physiological processes were responsible for their development and persistence. [2]
The puna is found above the treeline at 3200–3500 m elevation, and below the permanent snow line above 4500–5000 m elevation. It extends from central Peru in the north, across the Altiplano plateau of Peru, Chile and Bolivia, and south along the spine of the Andes into northwest Argentina.
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area.
This stream operating together with its environment can be thought of as forming a river ecosystem. River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its many parts.
Looking north on State Road 694 from the bridge over Intracoastal Waterway. Indian Shores, Florida on left, mangroves on right. The ecology of Florida considers the state's two Level I and three Level II/III ecoregions containing more than 80 distinct ecosystems.
Tawahka Asagni Biosphere Reserve is a protected area in Honduras.The reserve was established in 1999, and covers an area of 2509.42 km 2. [1]The reserve is surrounded by other protected areas.
Susúa State Forest (Spanish: Bosque Estatal de Susúa) is one of the 20 forest units that make up the public forest system of Puerto Rico.This forest is located in the southeastern foothills of the Central Mountain Range or Cordillera Central, in the municipalities of Sabana Grande and Yauco.
The flora of Ghana is diverse with both indigenous and introduced floral species considered in Ghana's floral diversity. [2] A total of some 3,600 species of the major regional centres of endemism represent the three major taxonomic groups. [2]