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There are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Genetic and environmental risk factors each account for roughly half of an individual's risk for developing an addiction; [ 2 ] the contribution from epigenetic (inheritable traits) [ 6 ] risk factors to the ...
Blum originated the term "reward deficiency syndrome". There is no consensus among addiction researchers that empirical evidence exists to justify such a concept. [1] He holds multiple patents relating to genetic testing and treatment for the supposed syndrome that have been licensed through various different corporations.
The common biomolecular mechanisms underlying addiction – CREB and ΔFosB – were reviewed by Eric J. Nestler in a 2013 review. [3] Genetics and mental disorders may precipitate the severity of a drug addiction. It is estimated that 50% of healthy individuals developing an addiction can trace the cause to genetic factors. [4]
There has also been significant evidence for its use in the trauma patient population to screen for possible alcohol use disorders. [11] In the trauma patient population, AUDIT has been shown to be more effective at identifying possible alcohol use disorder than physician judgement and the blood alcohol content (BAC) test.
Addiction is classified as a chronic brain disorder by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). [5] There are several reasons why people develop an addiction. A predisposition to the addictive qualities of substances may be inherited by some people, making it a genetic circumstance. Another cause for addictions could be the environment.
In the DSM-5, the term drug addiction is synonymous with severe substance use disorder. [ 34 ] [ 39 ] The quantity of criteria met offer a rough gauge on the severity of illness, but licensed professionals will also take into account a more holistic view when assessing severity which includes specific consequences and behavioral patterns ...
Alcoholism is characterized by a wide range of symptoms including compulsive alcohol seeking and consumption, tolerance (resistance to the effects of alcohol after repeated consumption), and withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, profuse sweating, and uncontrollable shaking upon rapid cessation of drinking. [4]
Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50–60% genetically determined, leaving 40-50% for environmental influences. [ 8 ] In a review in 2001, McLellan et al. compared the diagnoses, heritability, etiology (genetic and environmental factors), pathophysiology, and response to treatments (adherence and relapse) of ...