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Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. [1]
In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins. [2] Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. [2] Humans are capable of some de novo synthesis of
In chemistry, de novo synthesis (from Latin 'from the new') is the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation. For example, nucleotides are not needed in the diet as they can be constructed from small precursor molecules such as formate and aspartate.
Besides de novo synthesis, PA can be formed in three ways: By phospholipase D (PLD), via the hydrolysis of the P-O bond of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to produce PA and choline. [4] By the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) by DAG kinase (DAGK). By the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase (LPAAT); this is the most ...
To do this, they either make new phospholipids—the main components of organelle membranes—or modify their fatty acid (FA) content. Fatty acids are also used to produce triacylglycerols (TGs), which store energy in structures called lipid droplets. [9] The synthesis of triacylglycerols (TG) can be occurred through two different enzyme pathways.
Hepatocytes are also able to create triglycerides via de novo synthesis. They also produce the bile from cholesterol. The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol. They transfer it over into the blood stream. In the hepatocytes, triglycerides and cholesteryl esters are assembled with apolipoprotein B-100 to form nascent VLDL ...
Glycerol 3-phosphate is a starting material for de novo synthesis of glycerolipids. In eukaryotes, it is first acylated on its sn-1 position by an ER- or mitochondrial membrane enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. A second acyl group is subsequently installed on the sn-2 position making phosphatidic acids.
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid (and a lecithin) consisting of two C 16 palmitic acid groups attached to a phosphatidylcholine head-group.. It is the main constituent of pulmonary surfactants, which reduces the work of breathing and prevents alveolar collapse during breathing.