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Counterterrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has noted that it is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism; experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus. [34]
Bruce R. Hoffman (born 1954) is an American political analyst.He specializes in the study of terrorism, counter-terrorism, insurgency, and counter-insurgency.Hoffman serves as the Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and Homeland Security on the Council on Foreign Relations, and is a professor at the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University. [1]
In the absence of a definition of terrorism, the struggle over the representation of a violent act is a struggle over its legitimacy. The more confused a concept, the more it lends itself to opportunistic appropriation. [40] As scholar Bruce Hoffman (1998) has noted: "terrorism is a pejorative term. It is a word with intrinsically negative ...
Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning to commit genocide. [14] [15] American counterterrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman, writing for The Atlantic, suggested the attacks were carried out with genocidal intent, pointing to Hamas' founding charter from 1988, which called for the destruction of Israel and featured antisemitic language.
It seems dire predictions of political violence are now commonly issued both by the country’s extreme fringes as well as from the mainstream, write Bruce Hoffman and Jacob Ware.
Now the term "terrorism" is commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by non-state or sub-national entities against a state. [italics in original] [25] Later examples of state terrorism include the police state measures employed by the Soviet Union beginning in the 1930s, and by Germany's Nazi regime in the 1930s and 1940s. [26]
Religious terrorism is intimately connected to current forces of geopolitics. Bruce Hoffman has characterized modern religious terrorism as having three traits: The perpetrators must use religious scriptures to justify or explain their violent acts or to gain recruits. [7] Clerical figures must be involved in leadership roles. [3]: 90
The United States legal definition of terrorism excludes acts done by recognized states. [10] [11] According to U.S. law (22 U.S.C. 2656f(d)(2)) [12] terrorism is defined as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience".