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The Marches were first conceived in a treaty between Henry III of England and Alexander III of Scotland in 1249 as an attempt to control the Anglo-Scottish border by providing a buffer zone. [1] On each side of the Anglo-Scottish border there was the West March, the Middle March and the East March.
The origins of March law are obscure and have been the subject of some dispute. The (first) codification of 1249 (when twelve knights, six each from England and Scotland, convened on the border to write down "the laws and customs of the march" at the instigation of Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland, seems to refer to practices dating back some time.
The lord wardens of the marches of England and Scotland: being a brief history of the marches, the laws of march, and the marchmen, together with some account of the ancient feud between England and Scotland. London: Constable. pp. 194–201
The Anglo-Scottish border in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the problem of perspective" In: Appleby, J.C. and Dalton, P. (Eds) Government, religion and society in Northern England 1000-1700, Stroud : Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1057-7, p. 27–39; Crofton, Ian (2014) Walking the Border: A Journey Between Scotland and England, Birlinn
The Middle Ages saw several substantial waves of Flemish migration to England, Wales and Scotland. The term "Fleming" was used to refer to natives of the Low Countries overall rather than Flanders specifically. [48] The first wave of Flemings arrived in England following floods in their low-lying homelands during the reign of Henry I.
A marcher lord (Welsh: barwn y mers) was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales. A marcher lord was the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman Empire ) or a marquis (in France) before the introduction of the title of "marquess" in Britain; no marcher lord ...
The Scottish Marches is a term for the border regions on both sides of the border between England and Scotland. From the Norman conquest of England until the reign of King James VI of Scotland , who also became King James I of England , border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on Marcher Lords to defend the frontier ...
[259] In a study of place names in northeastern England and southern Scotland, Bethany Fox concluded that the immigration that did occur in this region was centred on the river valleys, such as those of the Tyne and the Tweed, with the Britons moving to the less fertile hill country and becoming acculturated over a longer period. [260]