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2. Blast furnace - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace

   Blast furnaces differ from bloomeries and reverberatory furnaces in that in a blast furnace, flue gas is in direct contact with the ore and iron, allowing carbon monoxide to diffuse into the ore and reduce the iron oxide. The blast furnace operates as a countercurrent exchange process whereas a bloomery does not.

3. Regenerative heat exchanger - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_heat_exchanger

   For example, a blast furnace may have several "stoves" or "checkers" full of refractory fire brick. The hot gas from the furnace is ducted through the brickwork for some interval, say one hour, until the brick reaches a high temperature. Valves then operate and switch the cold intake air through the brick, recovering the heat for use in the ...

4. Metallurgical furnace - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace

   A metallurgical furnace, often simply referred to as a furnace when the context is known, is an industrial furnace used to heat, melt, or otherwise process metals. Furnaces have been a central piece of equipment throughout the history of metallurgy ; processing metals with heat is even its own engineering specialty known as pyrometallurgy .

5. Air preheater - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_preheater

   The airflow is then reversed, so that the hot bricks heat up the incoming combustion air and fuel. For a glass-melting furnace, a regenerator sits on either side of the furnace, often forming an integral whole. For a blast furnace, the regenerators (commonly called Cowper stoves) sit separate to the furnace. A furnace needs no less than two ...

6. Krupp–Renn process - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp–Renn_Process

   Thermal efficiency is improved in shaft furnaces such as blast furnaces compared to rotary furnaces due to the air absorbing some of the Luppen heat. [14] However, the oxygen in the air partially re-oxidizes the product, meaning that the Luppen is still altered by contact with air at the end or after leaving the furnace, despite complete ...

7. Direct reduction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reduction

   The coking plant that feeds a battery of blast furnaces is just as expensive as the blast furnace and requires a specific quality of coal. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Conversely, many direct-reduction processes are disadvantaged by the costly transformation of ore into pellets: these cost on average 70% more than raw ore. [ 66 ]