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Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform adequately for a particular circumstance.
Soil compaction, also known as soil structure degradation, is the increase of bulk density or decrease in porosity of soil due to externally or internally applied loads. [1] Compaction can adversely affect nearly all physical, chemical and biological properties and functions of soil . [ 2 ]
Dynamic compaction is a method that is used to increase the density of soils when certain subsurface constraints make other methods of soil compaction inappropriate. The process involves dropping a heavy weight repeatedly on the ground at regularly spaced points, usually laid out in a systematic fashion such as a grid.
Helical probe test soil exploration and compaction testing by the helical probe test (HPT) has become popular for providing a quick and accurate method of determining soil properties at relatively shallow depths. The HPT test is attractive for in-situ footing inspections because it is lightweight and can be conducted quickly by one person.
The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become most dense and achieve its maximum dry density. The test is named in honor of Ralph Roscoe Proctor [ de ] , who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a given compactive effort depends ...
This is a soil test-based definition, usually performed via cyclic triaxial, cyclic direct simple shear, or cyclic torsional shear type apparatus. These tests are performed to determine a soil's resistance to liquefaction by observing the number of cycles of loading at a particular shear stress amplitude required to induce 'fails'.
Chemical and slurry are low- pressure, jet and compaction are high pressure. Compaction is a technique that was developed in the United States. Compaction grouting was used in the Bolton Hill subway in Baltimore. Jet grouting can be used in soils that can not be grouted by traditional methods by reducing inhomogeneities in soil.
Tilling the soil results in dislodging the cohesiveness of the soil particles, thereby inducing erosion. Chemical runoff. [17] [note 3] Reduces organic matter in the soil. [17] [note 4] Reduces microbes, earthworms, ants, etc. [20] Destroys soil aggregates. [17] [20] Compaction of the soil, also known as a tillage pan. [17] [20] [note 2] [note 3]