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Persistent HDV viremia is the most important risk factor for disease progression in those with co-infection or superinfection. [42] Other factors that are responsible for a poor prognosis in chronic hepatitis D include male sex, older age at time of infection, alcohol use, diabetes, obesity and immunodeficiency. [42]
An example is the coinfection of liver cells with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection. [citation needed] Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among humans is unknown, but it is thought to be commonplace, [1] sometimes more common than single infection. [2]
The epidemiology of hepatitis D occurs worldwide. [1] Although the figures are disputed, a recent systematic review suggests that up to 60 million individuals could be infected. [ 2 ] The major victims are the carriers of the hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ), who become superinfected by the HDV, and intravenous drug users who are the group ...
Viral interference is considered the most common outcome of coinfection, or the simultaneous infection of a host by two or more distinct viruses. [5] The primary form of viral interference is known as superinfection exclusion, in which the initial infection stimulates a resistance to subsequent infection by related viruses.
Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [17] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [ 31 ]
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is similar to a satellite virus as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus, depending on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. It has no independent life cycle, but can survive ...
Superinfection is the process by which a cell that has previously been infected by one virus gets co-infected with a different strain of the virus, or another virus, at a later point in time. [3] In some cases viral superinfections may be resistant to the antiviral drug or drugs that were being used to treat the original infection.
At the same time due to the inconsistency in approach to the analysis of comorbid state and absence of components of comorbidity in medical university courses, the practitioner is unclear about its prognostic effect, which makes the generally available systems of associated pathology evaluation unreasoned and therefore un-needed as well.