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Acid mine drainage also affects the wildlife living within the affected body of water. Aquatic macroinvertebrates living in streams or parts of streams affected by acid mine drainage show fewer individuals, less diversity, and lower biomass. Many species of fish also cannot tolerate the pollution. [15]
A creek affected by abandoned mine drainage. Abandoned mine drainage (also known as AMD [1]) is a form of water pollution involving water that has been polluted by contact with mines, typically coal mines. [2] Although it is sometimes called "acid mine drainage", not all abandoned mine drainage is acidic. [3] [4]
Acid mine drainage results when surface and ground water combine with sulfuric rock from the mines, causing a sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid causes leaching of iron, manganese, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium from the rock it interacts with. [3] Acid mine drainage is caused by both abandoned mines and mines in current excavation.
Upon exposure to oxygen (O 2) and water (H 2 O), metal sulfides undergo oxidation to produce metal-rich acidic effluent. If the pH is low enough to overcome the natural buffering capacity of the surrounding rocks (‘calcium carbonate equivalent’ or ‘acid neutralising capacity’), the surrounding area may become acidic, as well as contaminated with high levels of heavy metals.
The tunnel is located in the Eagle Rock Resort. The tunnel is a rock tunnel that causes water to flow from mines in its upper reaches via gravity. [3] The Oneida Number One Tunnel is the second-largest source of acid mine drainage in the watershed of Catawissa Creek. [3] The opening of the Oneida Number One Tunnel was collapsed as early as the ...
The Eastern Pennsylvania Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation gained $150,000 from the Office of Surface Mining for the project. The treatment cost approximately $1,900,000 and is the largest acid mine drainage treatment system in the Coal Region. [6] Around 2000, plans were made to reroute Catawissa Creek away from the tunnel. [1]
There are many types of water treatment systems available for removing metals from acid mine drainage. Passive treatment systems are a relatively recent technology that involves using sulfate-reducing bacteria or limestone or both to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals. These systems are sometimes called “wetlands” or “bioreactors.”
The drainage water from the Iron Mountain Mine is the most acidic water naturally found on Earth; some samples collected in 1990 and 1991 have been measured to have a pH value of -3.6. [3] Water temperatures as high as 47 °C have been measured underground. [4]
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