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Vitamin B 12 deficiency can be determined, but not always. [14] This means it measures forms of vitamin B 12 that are "active" and can be used by the body, as well as the "inactive" forms, which cannot. [151] Vitamin B 12 deficiency can be found within normal levels, so clinical symptoms should be taken into account when a diagnosis is made. [2]
The blind loop syndrome may produce deficiency of vitamin B 12 or folate. Inadequate use of vitamin B 12, which may occur if antimetabolites for the vitamin are employed in the treatment of neoplasia; Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency. [17]
Bile salt diarrhea can also be a side-effect of gallbladder removal. [1] Bile acid sequestrants are the principal therapy for bile acid-induced diarrhea. [7] [1] Cholestyramine, colestipol and colesevelam have all been used. Doses may not need to be as high as those previously used for hyperlipidemia.
There is no advantage to the use of adenosylcobalamin or methylcobalamin forms for the treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency. [20] [21] [4] Hydroxocobalamin can be injected intramuscularly to treat vitamin B 12 deficiency. It can also be injected intravenously for the purpose of treating cyanide poisoning, as the hydroxyl group is displaced by ...
Over time, a deficiency of B12 can cause problems with balance, confusion, depression, poor memory and possibly dementia, and it can even cause permanent damage to the nervous system, Somers says.
The Schilling test distinguished PA from other forms of B 12 deficiency, [50] specifically, from Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome, a B 12-deficiency caused by mutations in CUBN that codes for cubilin the cobalamin receptor. [1] Vitamin B12 deficiency is also prevalent in patients having Crohn's disease (CD) so it should be differentiated. [62]
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B 12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. [7] [8] [2] The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.
Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder.Cholecystectomy is a common treatment of symptomatic gallstones and other gallbladder conditions. [1] In 2011, cholecystectomy was the eighth most common operating room procedure performed in hospitals in the United States. [2]