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  2. Freedom of contract - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_contract

    Freedom of contract is the principle according to which individuals and groups may form contracts without government restrictions. This is opposed to government regulations such as minimum-wage laws , competition laws , economic sanctions , restrictions on price fixing , or restrictions on contracting with undocumented workers .

  3. Contract Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Clause

    Article I, Section 10, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, known as the Contract Clause, imposes certain prohibitions on the states.These prohibitions are meant to protect individuals from intrusion by state governments and to keep the states from intruding on the enumerated powers of the U.S. federal government.

  4. List of clauses of the United States Constitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the...

    The United States Constitution and its amendments comprise hundreds of clauses which outline the functioning of the United States Federal Government, the political relationship between the states and the national government, and affect how the United States federal court system interprets the law. When a particular clause becomes an important ...

  5. Adair v. United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adair_v._United_States

    Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), was a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court which declared that bans on "yellow-dog" contracts (that forbade workers from joining labor unions) were unconstitutional. [1] The decision reaffirmed the doctrine of freedom of contract which was first recognized by the Court in Allgeyer v.

  6. Constitution of the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United...

    As its final act, the Congress of Confederation agreed to purchase 10 square miles from Maryland and Virginia for establishing a permanent capital. North Carolina waited to ratify the Constitution until after the Bill of Rights was passed by the new Congress, and Rhode Island's ratification would only come after a threatened trade embargo. [77 ...

  7. Lochner v. New York - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York

    Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court holding that a New York State statute that prescribed maximum working hours for bakers violated the bakers' right to freedom of contract under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. [1]

  8. Fundamental rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights

    In Japan, fundamental rights protected by the Constitution of Japan include: [11] Civil liberties, including the right to liberty and the right to freedom of expression, thought, conscience and religion; Social rights, including the right to receive education and the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living

  9. Substantive due process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_due_process

    The courts have largely abandoned the Lochner era approach (c. 1897–1937), when substantive due process was used to strike down minimum wage and labor laws to protect freedom of contract. Since then, the Supreme Court has decided that the Constitution protects numerous other freedoms, even if they are not in the text.