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The Downs cell uses a carbon anode and an iron cathode.The electrolyte is sodium chloride that has been heated to the liquid state. Although solid sodium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity, when molten the sodium and chloride ions are mobilized, which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric current.
The simplified chemical reaction is: NaCl + H 2 O + energy → NaOCl + H 2 [citation needed] That is, energy is added to sodium chloride (table salt) in water, producing sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen gas. Because the reaction takes place in an unpartitioned cell and NaOH is present in the same solution as the Cl 2: 2 NaCl + 2 H 2 O → 2 ...
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion.
The haloform reaction, using chlorine and sodium hydroxide, is also able to generate alkyl halides from methyl ketones, and related compounds. Chloroform was formerly produced thus. [citation needed] Chlorine adds to the multiple bonds on alkenes and alkynes as well, giving di- or tetra-chloro compounds. [citation needed]
Illustration of a redox reaction Sodium chloride is formed through the redox reaction of sodium metal and chlorine gas. Redox reactions can be understood in terms of the transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is oxidized and the latter is reduced. Though ...
Heat required to initiate this reaction is generated by oxidation of a small amount of iron powder mixed with the sodium chlorate, and the reaction consumes less oxygen than is produced. Barium peroxide (Ba O 2) is used to absorb the chlorine that is a minor product in the decomposition. [10] An ignitor charge is activated by pulling on the ...
Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions: HOCl(aq) + Cl − + H + ⇌ Cl 2 (aq) + H 2 O Cl 2 (aq) ⇌ Cl 2 (g) At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (OCl −). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12.
Hypochlorite salts formed by the reaction between chlorine and alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides. The reaction is performed at close to room temperature to suppress the formation of chlorates. This process is widely used for the industrial production of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO) 2).