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The economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages is the economic history of English towns and trade from the Norman invasion in 1066, to the death of Henry VII in 1509. Although England's economy was fundamentally agricultural throughout the period, even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers.
The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party (1991). online; Musson, A E. Trade Union and Social History (1974). Pelling, Henry. A history of British trade unionism (1987). Pimlott, Ben, and Chris Cook, eds Trade Unions in British Politics: The First 250 Years (2nd ed. 1991), 16 topical essays by experts; Pollard, Sidney.
The medieval authorities did their best to respond in an organised fashion, but the economic disruption was immense. [164] Building work ceased and many mining operations paused. [165] In the short term, efforts were taken by the authorities to control wages and enforce pre-epidemic working conditions. [166]
The Hanseatic League [a] was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 12th century, the League expanded between the 13th and 15th centuries and ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across eight modern-day countries, ranging from Estonia in the north and east, to the ...
on the trade union demand for means for securing trustworthy records of wage-contracts between employer and workman, e.g. the section requiring particulars of work and wages for piece-workers. The first additions to the Factory and Workshop Act 1878 were, however, almost purely attempts to deal more adequately than had been attempted in the ...
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) was officially founded. With 134 million members it is the largest trade union in the world. However many, such as the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, maintain the position that the ACFTU is not an independent trade union organization.
It consists of the trade union or labour union movement, as well as political parties of labour. It can be considered an instance of class conflict . In trade unions , workers campaign for higher wages, better working conditions and fair treatment from their employers, and through the implementation of labour laws , from their governments.
Trade flourished in Italy (albeit not united, but rather ruled by different princes in different city-states), particularly by the 13th century. Leading the trade in Mediterranean Europe were traders from the port cities of Genoa and Venice. The wealth generated in Italy fueled the Italian Renaissance. Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League