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Kidney toxicity [5] associated with kidney failure; associated with development of cancer, particularly of the urinary tract, known carcinogen [8] [9] Atractylate Atractylis gummifera: Liver damage, [3] nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anxiety, headache and convulsions, often followed by coma [10]
Echinacea has also been linked to allergic reactions, including asthma, shortness of breath, and one case of anaphylaxis. [35] [36] [37] Muscle and joint pain has been associated with Echinacea, but it may have been caused by cold or flu symptoms for which the Echinacea products were administered. [35]
Echinacea showed no benefit over placebo for prevention. [2] Evidence for treatment was inconsistent. Reported side effects were rare. [2] 2007 meta-analyses conclude that there is some evidence that echinacea may reduce either the duration or severity of the common cold, but results are not consistent. [7]
Echinacea purpurea: Purple coneflower: This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" . It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu. [56] Echinopsis pachanoi: San Pedro cactus
Echinacea angustifolia. Echinacea angustifolia, the narrow-leaved purple coneflower or blacksamson echinacea, [2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.It is native to North America, where it is widespread across much of the Great Plains of central Canada and the central United States, with additional populations in surrounding regions.
Echinacea purpurea, the eastern purple coneflower, [4] purple coneflower, hedgehog coneflower, or Echinacea, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. [5] It is native to parts of eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern , southeastern and midwestern United States , as ...
Echinacea pallida, the pale purple coneflower, [3] is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. It is sometimes grown in gardens and used for medicinal purposes. It is sometimes grown in gardens and used for medicinal purposes.
Echinacea laevigata is a rhizomatous perennial herb that resembles its close relative, the common echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). The two can be told apart by the leaves, which are cordate (heart-shaped) in the common species. [1] [3] [6] E. laevigata grows up to about 1.5 meters (5 feet) in height with a mostly naked, smooth, leafless stem ...