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A tire-pressure monitoring system (TPMS) monitors the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on vehicles. [1] A TPMS reports real-time tire-pressure information to the driver, using either a gauge, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. TPMS can be divided into two different types – direct (dTPMS) and indirect (iTPMS).
Direct TPMS, or direct tire pressure monitoring systems (direct sensor TPMS) refers to the use of a pressure sensor directly mounted on the wheels or tires of a vehicle. [1] The pressure inside the tire is measured using a pressure transducer with the pressure information being subsequently sent to the vehicle to warn the driver of under or ...
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
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The BMW Z4 (E89) is the second generation of the BMW Z4 range of two-door roadsters, and was produced from 2009 to 2016. The E89 replaced the E85/E86 Z4 and is the fourth model in the BMW Z Series .
Fail-safe procedure slows vehicle, notifies manufacturer and keeps automation off limits for remainder of drive; Lane centering does not discourage steering by driver; Monitors both the driver's gaze and hand position; Uses multiple types of rapidly escalating alerts to get driver's attention; The ratings were (no system received a "good ...
MIL on a running engine indicating malfunction in engine control system. A check engine light or malfunction indicator lamp ( MIL ), is a tell-tale that a computerized engine-management system uses to indicate a malfunction or problem with the vehicle ranging from minor (such as a loose gas cap) to serious (worn spark plugs, engine problems or ...
While these codes have a similar style, their numbering system is very different and incompatible with Ford's partially-sequential numbers. [ b ] Mazda also used separate P# codenames, which were replaced by J# numbers , though the North American Ford Ranger based Mazda B-Series models have their own Ford code numbers.