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  2. False equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_equivalence

    The following statements are examples of false equivalence: [3] "The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is no more harmful than when your neighbor drips some oil on the ground when changing his car's oil." The "false equivalence" is the comparison between things differing by many orders of magnitude: [ 3 ] Deepwater Horizon spilled 210 million US gal ...

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Incomplete comparison – insufficient information is provided to make a complete comparison. Intentionality fallacy – the insistence that the ultimate meaning of an expression must be consistent with the intention of the person from whom the communication originated (e.g. a work of fiction that is widely received as a blatant allegory must ...

  4. False positives and false negatives - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false...

    The false positive rate (FPR) is the proportion of all negatives that still yield positive test outcomes, i.e., the conditional probability of a positive test result given an event that was not present. The false positive rate is equal to the significance level. The specificity of the test is equal to 1 minus the false positive rate.

  5. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A false analogy occurs when claims are supported by unsound comparisons between data points. For example, the Scopus and Web of Science bibliographic databases have difficulty distinguishing between citations of scholarly work that are arms-length endorsements, ceremonial citations, or negative citations (indicating the citing author withholds ...

  6. Texas sharpshooter fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy

    In particular, rather than spreading out evenly, it is not uncommon for random data points to form clusters, giving the (false) impression of "hot spots" created by some underlying cause. The Texas sharpshooter fallacy often arises when a person has a large amount of data at their disposal but only focuses on a small subset of that data.

  7. Argument from analogy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_analogy

    A false analogy is an informal fallacy, or a faulty instance, of the argument from analogy. An argument from analogy is weakened if it is inadequate in any of the above respects . The term "false analogy" comes from the philosopher John Stuart Mill , who was one of the first individuals to examine analogical reasoning in detail. [ 2 ]

  8. Reductio ad absurdum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum

    Reductio ad absurdum, painting by John Pettie exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1884. In logic, reductio ad absurdum (Latin for "reduction to absurdity"), also known as argumentum ad absurdum (Latin for "argument to absurdity") or apagogical argument, is the form of argument that attempts to establish a claim by showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absurdity or contradiction.

  9. False dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma

    A false dilemma is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. [1] [2] [3] In its most simple form, called the fallacy of bifurcation, all but two alternatives are excluded.