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For example, one can exert a kind of "torque" on an electron by putting it in a magnetic field (the field acts upon the electron's intrinsic magnetic dipole moment—see the following section). The result is that the spin vector undergoes precession, just like a classical gyroscope. This phenomenon is known as electron spin resonance (ESR).
The atom would then be pulled toward or away from the stronger magnetic field a specific amount, depending on the value of the valence electron's spin. When the spin of the electron is + + 1 / 2 the atom moves away from the stronger field, and when the spin is − + 1 / 2 the atom moves toward it. Thus the beam of silver atoms is ...
Quantum orbital motion involves the quantum mechanical motion of rigid particles (such as electrons) about some other mass, or about themselves.In classical mechanics, an object's orbital motion is characterized by its orbital angular momentum (the angular momentum about the axis of rotation) and spin angular momentum, which is the object's angular momentum about its own center of mass.
In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μ e) is −9.284 764 6917 (29) × 10 −24 J⋅T −1. [1]
This motion produces both the spin and the magnetic moment of the electron. [14] In atoms, this creation of virtual photons explains the Lamb shift observed in spectral lines . [ 103 ] The Compton Wavelength shows that near elementary particles such as the electron, the uncertainty of the energy allows for the creation of virtual particles near ...
A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–orbit interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion, and the electrostatic field of the positively charged nucleus.
The oscillatory Zitterbewegung motion is often interpreted as an artifact of using the Dirac equation in a single particle description and dissappears in quantum field theory. For the hydrogen atom , the Zitterbewegung is related to the Darwin term , a small correction of the energy level of the s-orbitals .
The spin of the electron is an intrinsic angular momentum that is separate from the angular momentum due to its orbital motion. The magnitude of the projection of the electron's spin along an arbitrary axis is , implying that the electron acts as a fermion by the spin-statistics theorem.