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  2. Causal loop diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram

    A link marked -indicates a negative relation where an increase in the causal variable leads, all else equal, to a decrease in the effect variable, or a decrease in the causal variable leads, all else equal, to an increase in the effect variable. A positive causal link can be said to lead to a change in the same direction, and an opposite link ...

  3. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    In Part III, section XV of his book A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume expanded this to a list of eight ways of judging whether two things might be cause and effect. The first three: "The cause and effect must be contiguous in space and time." "The cause must be prior to the effect." "There must be a constant union betwixt the cause and effect.

  4. Causal analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis

    Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...

  5. Proximate and ultimate causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate...

    In analytic philosophy, notions of cause adequacy are employed in the causal model. In order to explain the genuine cause of an effect, one would have to satisfy adequacy conditions, which include, among others, the ability to distinguish between: Genuine causal relationships and accidents. Causes and effects. Causes and effects from a common ...

  6. Failure mode and effects analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects...

    Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA; often written with "failure modes" in plural) is the process of reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify potential failure modes in a system and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on the rest of the system ...

  7. Causation (sociology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causation_(sociology)

    Causation refers to the existence of "cause and effect" relationships between multiple variables. [1] Causation presumes that variables, which act in a predictable manner, can produce change in related variables and that this relationship can be deduced through direct and repeated observation. [2]

  8. Causal notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_notation

    In nature and human societies, many phenomena have causal relationships where one phenomenon A (a cause) impacts another phenomenon B (an effect). Establishing causal relationships is the aim of many scientific studies across fields ranging from biology [ 1 ] and physics [ 2 ] to social sciences and economics . [ 3 ]

  9. Pariṇāmavāda - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariṇāmavāda

    Pariṇāmavāda (Sanskrit: परिणामवाद), known in English as Transformation theory, is a Hindu philosophical theory which pre-supposes the cause to be continually transforming itself into its effects, and it has three variations – the Satkarya-vada of Samkhya, the Prakrti Parinama-vada of the Saiva Siddhanta and the Brahma-Parinama-vada of the Vishishtadvaita Vedanta School ...