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The concept of national security remains ambiguous, having evolved from simpler definitions which emphasised freedom from military threat and from political coercion. [1]: 1–6 [2]: 52–54 Among the many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-military concerns:
Joseph J. Romm, an American physicist, climate change and energy security expert, in his 1993 book Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects takes Ullman's 1983 definition of threat as a starting point and lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security and energy security as the non-military elements of national security.
U.S. National Security organization has remained essentially stable since July 26, 1947, when U.S. President Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947. Together with its 1949 amendment, this act: Created the National Military Establishment (NME) which became known as the Department of Defense when the act was amended in 1949.
The emergence of the human security discourse was the product of a convergence of factors at the end of the Cold War.These challenged the dominance of the neorealist paradigm's focus on states, "mutually assured destruction" and military security and briefly enabled a broader concept of security to emerge.
The National Security Strategy issued on September 17, 2002, contained the controversial Bush doctrine of pre-emptive war. [3] It also contained the notion of military pre-eminence that was reflected in a 1992 Department of Defense paper, "Defense Policy Guidance", prepared by two principal authors (Paul Wolfowitz and I. Lewis Libby) working under Defense Secretary Dick Cheney.
A security referent is the focus of a security policy or discourse; for example, a referent may be a potential beneficiary (or victim) of a security policy or system. Security referents may be persons or social groups, objects, institutions, ecosystems, or any other phenomenon vulnerable to unwanted change by the forces of its environment. [3]
Human security derives from the traditional concept of security from military threats to the safety of people and communities. [37] It is an extension of mere existence (survival) to well-being and dignity of human beings. [37] Human security is an emerging school of thought about the practice of international security.
The concept of holistic national security (Chinese: 总体国家安全观; pinyin: Zǒngtǐ guójiā ānquán guān), also translated as comprehensive national security, [1] is a principle of national security policy defined by Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping in 2014.